Climate change

We use a comprehensive approach to inform actions that benefit salmon ecosystems in a changing climate.

Photo by Fernando Tessa.

Climate change is causing severe hydrological shifts in salmon streams through long-term reductions in snowpack, earlier spring melts, increased frequency of heat waves, atmospheric rivers and flood events, and increased drought frequency. These impacts create conditions unsuitable for wild salmon to recover and thrive.

Juvenile salmon in a fish viewfinder. — Photo by Alex Harris / Raincoast Conservation Foundation.

School of coho in a river. — Photo by Fernando Lessa.

Unsustainable land use is compounding the impacts of climate change

Unsustainable land use occurring throughout the province is making these conditions even worse. Clear-cut logging, mining, and water withdrawal for industry and agriculture alter salmon habitat, reduce streamflow, and increase water temperatures. Stream-type Chinook and coho salmon that spend a year in freshwater before migrating to the ocean are particularly vulnerable to degraded freshwater habitat caused by logged forests, fires, droughts, and floods.

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Forestry degrades salmon habitat

Logging can alter the delivery and storage of water, nutrients, wood, and sediment in streams. This results in changes to the habitat, growth, and survival of juvenile salmon. Clear-cut logging can increase turbidity in salmon-bearing streams affecting survival of eggs and fry, while the conversion of old growth forest into plantation monocultures can lower summer stream flow and increase temperatures. The legacies of antiquated forest management that prioritizes harvestable timber above all other values confounds the effects of climate change on freshwater habitat quality and quantity for salmon.

A rivers running through the forest right next to a large clearcut area.

Four small salmon swimming near the bottom of the water. — Photo by Fernando Lessa.

Wildfires impact salmon

Recent wildfires in BC have brought climate-change related effects into focus: wildfires are getting larger, more intense, and more frequent. The suppression of wildfires can increase fuel load and the corresponding severity of wildfires, particularly in the drier and hotter regions of the province.

The loss of vegetation and alteration of soil properties from hot wildfires can dramatically change the way rainfall permeates soil, and can cause increased runoff, sedimentation, and landslides that can smother incubating salmon eggs. Additionally, fire retardants used to suppress fires contain compounds that are toxic to aquatic life and can increase fish mortality, particularly for young Chinook salmon.

Floods impacting salmon

The forest management paradigm of British Columbia has increased the magnitude of and frequency of the biggest floods. In snow-dominant watersheds, such as those of the BC interior, reduced forest cover from logging leads to faster snowmelt and larger floods. Increased flood risk can degrade water quality through increased sedimentation and contaminants, and can kill incubating salmon eggs from riverbed scouring.

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Underwater image of salmon swimming. — Photo by Fernando Lessa.

Coho salmon swimming in a river. — Photo by Fernando Lessa.

Engaging with decision-makers

Now is the time to improve federal and provincial land-use policies for the health and climate resiliency of ecosystems and to advance the recovery of at-risk salmon populations. These policies must support freshwater security at the community level and uplift the rights and priorities of Indigenous peoples.

Raincoast is engaging with decision-makers at all levels of government to advocate for science-based policy solutions that ensure wild salmon are resilient in a changing climate.

Recent reports

Forests, fire, and fish: Policy pathways to manage forests for wildfire resilience, salmon recovery, and watershed security

Environmental flow needs assessment for salmonids in the Coldwater River

Nature-based Solutions for addressing climate risks and fostering biodiversity in the Lower Mainland of British Columbia

Floodwater contaminants report

Rights of Nature: Pathways to legal personhood for the Fraser River Estuary

Toward a vision for salmon habitat in the Lower Fraser River

Recent articles

How top predators enforce balance in the ecosystem

The fear that top predators such as cougars, wolves and other large carnivores inspire in other animals cascades down the food chain and is critical to maintaining a healthy ecosystem.

Fear itself can help restore ecosystems

A new study by Raincoast scientists and collaborators demonstrates that the fear top predators inspire can have cascading effects down the food chain critical to maintaining healthy ecosystems.

3 smiling trophy hunters kneel behind the dead grizzly they have killed.

Bear hunt has not ended in the Great Bear Rainforest

For those of you celebrating the announcement declaring “the end of commercial trophy hunting” in the Great Bear Rainforest, you can put away the champagne.

Bears left out of the Great Bear Rainforest agreement

While the announcement by the premier and Minister Steve Thomson essentially endorses the effort to buy out commercial trophy hunting businesses, it commits no direct support, nor does it address trophy hunting by BC residents which accounts for 60% of the grizzly kill in the Great Bear Rainforest and in the rest of province.