Fisheries management

Leveraging science, policy, and partnerships in pursuit of place-based sustainable salmon fisheries.

Photo by Fernando Lessa.

For more than a century, fishing pressure has contributed to the decline of wild salmon.  One reason for this is the nature of ocean fisheries that intercept salmon while migrating to their rivers of origin. Populations of salmon with varying degrees of abundance often migrate together.

When caught in the ocean, it’s hard to know which populations of salmon you are harvesting. In this way, salmon populations can be inadvertently overharvested, and decline.  We use a comprehensive approach to inform actions that benefit salmon ecosystems in a changing climate.

Two sockeye salmon swimming in a river.
Photo by Fernando Lessa.
Salmon school in the shallows, clearly seen from above, on a sandy region of the Fraser River, mountains looming in the background.
Photo by Fernando Lessa.

More than a numbers game

Fisheries can affect more than just the abundance of salmon. They can make fish smaller and younger; they can decrease genetic diversity; they can change the time salmon return to spawn. They can also influence the number of eggs a salmon lays, and whether the fry from those eggs survive to become adult salmon. Ultimately, unsustainable fisheries can influence many factors that prevent the recovery of wild salmon.

While harvest is just one of many threats facing these fish, it is one that we have considerable control over. Raincoast works to change unsustainable fishing practices that drive the decline in salmon abundance and the problem of smaller and younger salmon.

How we advance sustainable fisheries

Raincoast engages in technical aspects of salmon management, fisheries harvest, and recovery planning. We do this independently and as part of the Marine Conservation Caucus, a collaborative group of scientists and conservationists from several member organizations that engage with Fisheries and Oceans Canada on fisheries management. As a part of this caucus, Raincoast advocates for alternatives to unsustainable fishing practices, protection of wild salmon from hatcheries, and considering the needs of wildlife in fisheries decisions.

Contribute to our work
Multiple Chinook salmon underwater.
Photo by Fernando Lessa.
Two tiny fish float int he dark green sea.
Photo by Fernando Lessa.

Our view on hatcheries

Wild salmon require wild rivers. Since the 1970s, hatcheries have been used to prop up commercial and recreational fisheries. Hatcheries were the response to the problem of overfishing and habitat destruction, the root causes of the initial salmon decline. 

The original belief behind hatcheries was that consumer demand for salmon could be met while simultaneously rebuilding depleted populations. However, this goal has proved elusive, and hatchery practices often harm the wild fish they purport to help.

Hatcheries can decrease the genetic diversity of salmon populations. Hatchery fish can [also] compete with wild fish in the ocean and disrupt marine food webs.

Lastly, hatchery production complicates fisheries. When less abundant wild salmon are caught alongside plentiful hatchery fish, wild salmon are overharvested. Hatcheries can be an effective short-term tool to support recovery for at-risk populations, but they should be closed once recovery objectives have been met, and only used to support fisheries in limited places.

Salmon for ecosystems

If the wildlife that depend on salmon are to be considered when harvest decisions are made, one of the most important shifts needed is an ecosystem-based approach. Such decision- making would incorporate the importance of salmon to food webs that contribute essential food and nutrients to forests, rivers, and the ocean. In many cases, simply letting more fish spawn would meet ecosystem objectives.

Equally, salmon management should be “place-based,” a concept that recognizes the unique attributes of each watershed where salmon spawn, rear, and adapt to the local conditions. This process makes each salmon population unique.

Overhead photo of four killer whales swimming together.
Photo by Raincoast Conservation Foundation, taken under SARA Research License XMMS-2-2022.

Recent articles

Drone image of the floodplain in the Fraser River Estuary at sunset.

Cycles, seasons and sediment of the Fraser Estuary

The Soul of the Fraser by Ken Ashley, Director of the British Columbia Institute of Technology (BCIT), tells the story of the important intertidal habitat in the Fraser River Estuary.
A wolf prances across the ice with all four feet frozen in time floating above the ice, a chart floating in the distance.

Recommendations towards greater transparency in the science, science communication, and values-driven processes of natural resource management

A new paper, published by a team of researchers including Raincoast scientists, dives into the tangle of cognitive bias, institutional agendas, human interests, and pays special attention to the role of undisclosed value judgments.
Drone image taken above Fairy Creek - an unlogged watershed.

Big trees, big stumps and broken promises

For the last two years, I’ve been documenting clearcut logging on Salt Spring Island, and with Raincoasts’s Gulf Islands Forest Project, on Pender Island too. On a small island such as Pender, these relatively small clearcut patches can have a disproportionate impact on the landscape. I wanted to go to the Fairy Creek Blockade to see this intact watershed and support the Indigenous people and land defenders who’ve been protecting this place.
Underwater view of a school of Chinook salmon swimming.

Funding habitat restoration and conservation in the Lower Fraser Region

The AFER Network features working groups to provide space for focused discussion of key topics related to conservation initiatives in the Lower Fraser. On June 17th from 1-3 pm, we are launching our Funding and Fiscal tools Working Group, which will discuss what a post-covid funding world could look like, shifts in funders’ strategic focus, and the role of Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion in shaping funding priorities.
A barn owl flows low over the grass in the estuary with wings spread.

Rooting people to place through the Connected Estuary webinar series

Over the course of the Connected Estuary webinar series, we explored the connectivity and ecological importance of the Fraser River Estuary to a myriad of species, including Pacific salmon, Southern Resident killer whales and migratory birds.
A cutblock covered in cut trees and muddy roads with a large digger on the Gulf Islands.

Cumulative impacts a serious problem for Gulf Islands forests

The Gulf Islands represent 33.2% of the provincial extent of Coastal Douglas-fir forests and associated habitats which are among the most biodiverse in the province. Yet, this region is also the most degraded.